Retatrutide Heart Rate: How Much It Rises, When It Eases, and When to Worry

By The RX Index Editorial Team · Last verified October 15, 2026

Yes — retatrutide raises heart rate on average, with larger rises early in treatment. In TRIUMPH-1, adults with obesity without diabetes had average pulse changes of +1.5 to +2.7 beats per minute at week 80, versus −0.3 with placebo. The older Phase 2 obesity trial reached +9.2 with 12 mg at week 24 on 24-hour monitoring.

What changes the retatrutide heart rate picture for you: the dose, the week, and where the drug came from. Retatrutide is not FDA-approved, so a vial sold online cannot be assumed to match the drug these trials tested. And no trial average can tell you your own reading is fine.

Get emergency help now if a fast or pounding heartbeat comes with chest pain, trouble breathing, fainting, or feeling like you might pass out. Call 911 in the U.S.

Below are the published retatrutide heart rate results we could verify, side by side — plus an important limit: the detailed Phase 2 obesity trial excluded people with a resting pulse over 100 bpm. For a new change without emergency symptoms, see what to tell your clinician.

Retatrutide heart rate by trial: the numbers

In the results below, retatrutide's average heart-rate change ranged from about 0 to 9 beats per minute (bpm), depending on the trial, dose, timing, and how pulse was measured. The biggest number came from the 12 mg dose at week 24 of the 2023 Phase 2 trial. The 2026 Phase 3 trials found smaller changes at the end of treatment.

These are selected trial results, not an all-trials review. A plus sign means above that group's own starting point — not above placebo. Every change in the table is in bpm.

Sources: the papers linked in each row and the source tables identified below, checked October 15, 2026. In Phase 2, the 4 mg and 8 mg ranges cover two groups each that started at different doses. These are research doses from a study protocol, not a dosing guide.

TRIUMPH-1’s week-80 figures are the published model-based changes from appendix Table S12, not simple subtraction of rounded start and end values. Standard errors were 0.3 bpm at 4 mg and 0.4 bpm at 9 mg, 12 mg and placebo. In TRANSCEND-T2D-1, each group’s standard error was 0.6 bpm. A standard error describes how precise the estimated average is—not the range of people’s responses.

How to read these numbers without getting fooled

• Peak is not the end. On 24-hour monitoring, the Phase 2 12 mg group was +9.2 at week 24 and +6.7 at week 36. Its clinic pulse change was +6.0 at week 48—a different measurement. The often-quoted "6.7 bpm" is the week-36 monitor result, not the peak.
• How it was measured matters. A 24-hour monitor catches your heart all day and night. A clinic check measures pulse at a visit. They don't match perfectly.
• Placebo groups moved too. In both diabetes trials, pulse went down on placebo. So the gap between retatrutide and placebo is a bit bigger than the retatrutide number alone.
• These are group averages. Some people rose more, some less. An average can't tell you where you'll land.
• Different trials, different people. Don't add or average across rows.

The Phase 2 obesity trial, group by group

This trial lets you compare each research group at three reported time points. The final column uses a different measurement from the first two.

Source: NEJM 2023 supplementary appendix, Tables S8, S6 and S12. Average change from each group's start, in bpm.

Notice two things. Higher-dose groups generally had larger rises. And at the top dose, the 24-hour monitor result fell between weeks 24 and 36 while people stayed on the drug.

When does a faster heartbeat need medical help?

A pulse number alone can't tell you how urgent something is. What matters most is how you feel and whether the change is sudden or unusual for you. A fast or pounding heartbeat with chest pain, trouble breathing, fainting or near-fainting needs emergency help—not more readings from your watch.

The American Heart Association says to call 911 if your heart rate is suddenly very high or very low for you, especially with chest pain, trouble breathing, dizziness or fainting.

Here's the honest limit: no web page — including this one — can clear a heart symptom. A clinician can assess it and decide whether you need an ECG or longer monitoring. The clinician note below helps you make that visit count.

Does the heart-rate increase go away?

The Phase 2 obesity trial and TRIUMPH-1 reported an early peak—around weeks 24 and 20, respectively—followed by a decline while treatment continued. Pulse did not always return fully to the starting point: at 12 mg in Phase 2, clinic pulse was still 6 bpm higher at week 48. These reports do not give a reliable timeline for someone's heart rate after stopping.

Think of a line rising and then falling on a chart. Falling does not mean it has reached where it started—and the line tracks a group, not your heart.

In the higher-dose groups, people started below their target dose and stepped up in stages. The pulse rise was largest in the early months; that timing alone does not prove why it later fell.

Two things the trials can't tell you:

• How long it takes to settle after stopping. The reports checked here do not establish a personal recovery deadline. They cannot support a promise of an exact number of days.
• What happens on an unapproved product from a website. The trial results came from a verified drug, at known research doses, with a study team watching. You cannot assume a vial sold online has those safeguards.

So if your heart is racing right now, don't wait it out because "it peaks at week 20 and then comes down." That's a group pattern, not a promise for you.

Why does retatrutide raise heart rate?

Retatrutide acts on three hormone targets: GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon. The researchers who ran the Phase 2 trial wrote that glucagon and GLP-1 can both make the heart beat faster and squeeze harder. They called retatrutide's heart-rate increases similar to those seen with GLP-1 drugs. These trials do not separate out how much each target adds in people.

In plain words: two of retatrutide's three "switches" can affect the heart’s pace. That is a possible explanation, not proof of what caused one person’s symptoms. Approved drugs such as Wegovy and Zepbound also report heart-rate increases on their labels.

Another drug that pairs glucagon with GLP-1 showed a similar pattern. In the mazdutide trial published in NEJM in 2025, involving Chinese adults with overweight or obesity, heart rate peaked during the dose climb and came down during the steady-dose period. For more on how triple agonists differ from dual agonists, we break that down separately.

What you'll read elsewhere that isn't proven: that the faster heart rate means you're "burning more fat," that it's a "good workout," or that glucagon alone is the cause. The retatrutide trials cited here do not establish those claims.

Fast pulse, palpitations, or arrhythmia: what's the difference?

Heart rate is how fast your heart beats. Heart rhythm is the pattern of the beats. Palpitations are what you feel — a pounding, fluttering, or skipped beat. The feeling alone does not identify the cause. An ECG records your heart's electrical signals; symptoms that come and go can need longer monitoring.

Here's why the difference matters. A steady pulse of 85 that used to be 72 is a rate change. A heartbeat that feels like it trips, skips, or races out of nowhere might be a rhythm change. A watch’s pulse graph alone cannot tell you the cause. Share any readings or ECG recordings it provides with your clinician.

What did the trials find on heart-rhythm problems?

Rhythm-related events were reported more often on retatrutide than placebo in the Phase 2 obesity trial, and most were mild or moderate. In TRIUMPH-1, severe or serious rhythm or electrical-conduction problems were reported in 0.9% at 12 mg and 0.9% on placebo. These are different event categories, not evidence that the trials found the same risk.

Sources: NEJM 2023 appendix, Table S13; TRANSCEND-T2D-1, Table 200967-0); TRIUMPH-1, Table 3. The 6.4% is our math from the published counts. The Phase 2 category includes symptom reports such as palpitations, not just confirmed abnormal rhythms. Conduction means how the heart’s electrical signals travel. The small Phase 2 groups make the percentages uncertain; do not compare the rows as a safety ranking.

In Phase 2, the 19 people with a rhythm-related event (17 on retatrutide, 2 on placebo) had 21 events: 13 mild, 7 moderate, and 1 severe. Two people stopped the drug because of them — both on 12 mg. One had palpitations. The other is the case below.

In TRANSCEND-T2D-1, one person on 4 mg who already had coronary artery disease had a cardiac arrest—a sudden loss of heart function—that the investigators judged unrelated to the study drug.

The one severe case — and what it teaches

In Phase 2, a woman on the 12 mg dose had severe vomiting. She was treated with ondansetron, an anti-nausea medicine. The case report also describes low potassium, dehydration, low blood pressure and liver injury, plus a prolonged QT interval—a timing measure on an ECG that, when stretched too long, can lead to dangerous rhythms. The investigators considered the event related to the study drug. The report says these problems resolved after the drug was discontinued.

This one case doesn't prove retatrutide and ondansetron interact. But it shows a chain that's worth knowing: severe vomiting and low potassium can stretch the QT interval, and so can some medicines. If you're throwing up a lot and taking something for nausea, that's a reason to get a clinician involved — not to tough it out.

Who the trials left out

This is an important limit. The Phase 2 obesity trial did not include people who:

• Had a resting pulse over 100 bpm when they started
• Had frequent or ongoing fast-rhythm conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AFib) or supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), or had POTS, a condition involving a heart-rate rise on standing
• Had a heart attack, stroke, unstable angina, or a heart-failure hospital stay in the prior 3 months
• Had more advanced heart failure (NYHA class III or IV)

Source: NEJM 2023 appendix, exclusion criteria.

If any of those describe you, that Phase 2 trial cannot establish safety for you. Its exclusions do not prove that every other retatrutide study excluded the same people. Your clinician or cardiologist needs to assess your own history—not clear you from a group average.

What about heart attacks and strokes?

TRIUMPH-3 did not settle whether retatrutide raises or lowers the risk of major heart and blood-vessel events. Lilly reported fewer events than expected, and the estimates were too uncertain to show a clear difference from placebo. A separate outcomes trial aims to enroll about 10,000 people and has a planned end date in 2029.

TRIUMPH-3 enrolled 1,949 people with a body mass index (BMI) of 35 or higher and existing cardiovascular disease. In its July 23, 2026 release, Lilly reported an in-study hazard ratio of 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 1.22) for its broader five-part event measure and 1.12 (0.64 to 1.96) for the narrower three-part measure, pooling the 9 mg and 12 mg groups. A hazard ratio of 1 means no difference; both ranges include 1, so neither estimate shows a statistically clear benefit or harm. These figures come from Lilly’s release, not a peer-reviewed analysis we independently verified.

The TRIUMPH-Outcomes trial is studying retatrutide in about 10,000 adults with existing heart or kidney disease. Lilly lists it as enrolling, with a planned end date in February 2029; trial dates can change. For how other GLP-1 drugs did in outcome trials, see our GLP-1 heart-outcome trials tracker.

Blood pressure usually went down

Retatrutide lowered blood pressure on average in these studies. In Phase 2, 24-hour systolic blood pressure (the top number) fell 9.4 mmHg at 12 mg versus 3.4 on placebo by week 24. In its TRIUMPH-4 release, Lilly reported a 14.0 mmHg drop at 12 mg at week 68 using its analysis estimating effects while on treatment. A lower blood-pressure average does not by itself prove heart safety.

The flip side: in TRIUMPH-1, low blood pressure, including blood-pressure drops when standing up, was reported in 8.8% of people at 12 mg versus 0.9% on placebo. If you take blood-pressure medicine, that's worth raising with your doctor. More on this in our guide to GLP-1 blood pressure effects.

Is it more than Zepbound, Wegovy, or Foundayo?

These figures cannot tell you which drug would raise your pulse more. Retatrutide’s Phase 2 peak at 12 mg was numerically higher than the averages on the Zepbound and Wegovy labels, but the measurements and time points differ. Foundayo’s label lists 4 to 5 bpm above baseline, versus 0.5 with placebo. This is context, not a head-to-head safety ranking.

Here's what each approved drug's FDA label says about heart rate, next to what we know about retatrutide. TRIUMPH-5 is directly comparing retatrutide with tirzepatide, but its trial listing is not a published comparison result.

Labels checked October 15, 2026. Different trials, people, lengths and measurements—not a ranking. Wegovy’s 1–4 bpm is a difference versus placebo; the other mean changes shown are from each group’s own baseline. Mounjaro and Ozempic figures come from diabetes trials, not interchangeable obesity-trial results.

Two things stand out. First, a heart-rate rise isn't unique to retatrutide; the approved drugs listed here also report it. Second, Wegovy's label tells patients to report "palpitations or feelings of a racing heartbeat while at rest" to their provider. It tells prescribers to monitor heart rate and discontinue treatment if a sustained resting-heart-rate increase develops. That is a prescriber instruction, not a reason to change treatment on your own.

Retatrutide has no warning like that — not because it's safer, but because it has no label yet. (Here's what a warning vs. a precaution means.) For a full side-by-side, see retatrutide vs. tirzepatide and retatrutide vs. semaglutide.

My heart rate went up on retatrutide. What should I do?

Use the emergency guidance above first. For a new, repeated rise or palpitations without those warning signs, contact a clinician or your study team promptly. Share readings you already have; do not wait several days to collect more. This page can't tell you to change, skip, or stop a dose—that call belongs to your clinician or study team.

No judgment here. Plenty of people end up asking this question, and the most useful thing you can do is give a doctor a clear picture.

Check your resting pulse the right way

1. Sit or lie down calmly for a few minutes. Not right after coffee, a workout, a hot shower, or a stressful call.
2. Count for a full 60 seconds. Put your index and middle fingers lightly on the inside of your wrist, below the thumb. That's the American Heart Association's method.
3. Share the trend you already have. If you wear a watch or ring, screenshot the resting-heart-rate graph. Ask your clinician whether and how often to keep checking. More readings should not delay help.

The AHA says a normal resting heart rate for adults is 60 to 100 bpm. But "under 100" doesn't mean "fine for you."

Say your usual resting pulse is 62 and you keep seeing 82. That's a 20-beat jump. It's under 100, so a chart might call it normal — but it's a real change from your normal, and it's worth telling your clinician. It also doesn't prove anything dangerous is going on. It's a clue, not a diagnosis.

About heart rate variability (HRV): HRV is the variation in time between heartbeats, not the number of beats per minute. A watch or ring’s HRV result is not the pulse measurement in these tables. These trial averages do not give you a personal HRV safety limit. Share readings that concern you with your clinician.

A note to bring to your clinician

You don't need a perfect baseline or a smartwatch to ask for help. Fill in what you know. Write "unknown" for anything you don't — never guess a dose or invent a baseline.

What I noticed: faster pulse / pounding / fluttering / skipped or irregular beats / other: ______ When it started: ______ When it happens: at rest / with activity / lying down / at night / unknown My usual resting pulse, if I know it: ______ bpm. Recent readings and how I measured them: ______ Other symptoms (dizziness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, poor sleep, anxiety): ______ How long an episode lasts: ______ What I took: product name exactly as printed: ______ Where it came from: ______ Package or photo available: yes / no Dose and timing, as best I know: first use ______ last dose ______ amount ______ (or "unknown") Other medicines, supplements, or peptides (including anything for nausea): ______ Recent vomiting, diarrhea, not drinking enough, or illness: ______ My questions: Do I need an exam, an ECG, or blood tests (like potassium)? What should I do about further doses? Which symptoms mean I should go to the ER?

Don't try to fix it yourself

You'll find forum "protocols" for dropping the dose, splitting injections, or adding a beta blocker or supplement to slow the heart. We won't publish those. The trials reviewed here do not establish a self-treatment plan for a racing heart. A beta blocker is a heart medicine, not a workaround to add on your own. Ask your clinician or study team.

If you're in a clinical trial

Call your study team first — unless it's an emergency, then call 911. They know your exact dose, your schedule, and how to report it.

If it came from a website or a clinic selling it

Be straight with your doctor about what you took. Bring the product name, package or a photo, and any details about the amount and timing. Those facts can help them assess the exposure.

• Not sure what was in it, or took too much? In the U.S., Poison Control is free and available 24/7: 1-800-222-1222. For the emergency symptoms above, call 911 instead.
• Want to report a reaction? Patients can file directly with the FDA through MedWatch.

The FDA says retatrutide cannot be used in compounding under federal law. It also warns that illegally marketed weight-loss products may contain the wrong ingredient, the wrong amount, or no active ingredient. That is why a name on a vial is not enough to apply trial results to it. Here's how to spot fake GLP-1 products online.

For the wider side-effect picture, including dose-by-dose trial results, see our retatrutide side effects guide.

Can you get retatrutide legally right now?

There is no routine U.S. prescription access to retatrutide. It is not FDA-approved. In its July 23, 2026 update, Lilly said it planned a U.S. submission in the first quarter of 2027—not an approval date. Lilly describes access through clinical trials and a narrow expanded-access process that your treating physician must request.

Lilly's expanded-access program is a request your treating physician makes for you — you can't apply yourself. Lilly lists all of these as requirements:

• Age 18 or older
• A BMI of 35 or higher despite taking and tolerating the highest available dose of chronic weight-management therapy
• Two or more serious or life-threatening obesity-related health problems you're already being treated for
• Unable to join a retatrutide or similar trial
• Other options, including weight-loss surgery, discussed with your doctor

Lilly excludes people with a medical reason not to receive retatrutide. Even when the listed criteria are met, availability depends on location, supply and a detailed individual review; the physician must also arrange the required regulatory and ethics approvals. For timing and trial options, see retatrutide availability.

For future weight-care decisions, the discussion is whether to wait, consider an approved medicine, or use another treatment plan with your clinician. Current heart symptoms need assessment before that choice. Zepbound, Wegovy (shot or pill), and Foundayo are all approved; their heart-rate numbers are in the label table above. We compare them as retatrutide alternatives you can actually get.

The right path isn't the same for everyone. It depends on your state, your insurance and its formulary (the list of drugs your plan covers), whether you want a shot or a pill, and your budget. For nonurgent treatment research, The RX Index's Find My GLP-1 Path tool asks a few quick questions to show paths and providers that fit your situation. It is not a heart-symptom assessment or a way to obtain retatrutide.

See which GLP-1 path fits you

Once any current heart symptoms have been assessed, Ro’s free coverage report is an option for adults who already want to research an FDA-approved drug with insurance. It checks Ozempic, Wegovy and Zepbound pens—not the pills or Zepbound KwikPen. Ro asks for your name, insurance-card details and eligibility information, then emails a report. The report is not a prescription or a guarantee that insurance will pay.

If you later join Ro Body, its insurance team can handle prior-authorization paperwork—a request for your insurer’s permission to cover treatment. Ro Body membership is $39 for the first month, then $74 to $149 a month depending on the plan; the $74 rate is the 12-month plan paid up front ($888), not monthly billing. Medication is billed separately. You do not need to buy a membership for the free coverage report. For Medicare or Medicaid questions, start with your own plan and treating clinician. (Ro’s published pricing, checked October 15, 2026; we did not complete enrollment or purchase a plan.)

What we actually verified

Last verified October 15, 2026. Here are the source sections and tables we checked, and what we could not confirm.

• Trial evidence checked: the pulse, safety and relevant methods sections of the 2023 Phase 2 obesity paper and its appendix (Tables S6, S8, S11, S12, S13 and the exclusion criteria); the pulse results and discussion in the 2023 Phase 2 type 2 diabetes paper; and the pulse results and safety table in the June 2026 TRANSCEND-T2D-1 paper.
• TRIUMPH-1 checked: its pulse discussion, main safety table and appendix Table S12 and Figure S22. We confirmed the week-80 figures and checked the table columns visually. Where publisher access was restricted, we used accessible copies of the original papers and author appendices, including the combined TRIUMPH-1 paper and appendix.
• Not verified in detail: TRIUMPH-2 was published online in The Lancet on September 29, 2026. We confirmed the publication, but could not read its full pulse results, so we left those numbers out rather than guess. This is not an all-trials safety review.
• Company-reported figures: TRIUMPH-3 heart-event results and TRIUMPH-4 blood pressure, checked against Lilly’s releases. Those figures are identified as company-reported here rather than presented as independently verified peer-reviewed results.
• Also checked: the current heart-rate sections of the Zepbound, Mounjaro, Wegovy, Ozempic and Foundayo labels; the FDA’s statement on unapproved GLP-1 drugs (source checked October 15, 2026); Lilly’s expanded-access page (last reviewed August 26, 2026); the TRIUMPH-Outcomes and TRIUMPH-5 listings; the mazdutide paper’s pulse discussion; American Heart Association and NIH guidance; official Poison Control and MedWatch information; and Ro’s public pricing and coverage-check pages. Provider claims describe what Ro publishes, not a tested personal coverage result.
• What we didn't do: test any product, diagnose anyone, set a "safe" heart rate, average different trials together, or give dosing instructions. All of the retatrutide trials here were funded by Eli Lilly.

The RX Index is the independent GLP-1 decision resource that scores telehealth providers and treatment paths on clinical legitimacy, care quality, transparency, access, and cost, so readers can choose the path that fits their situation. Here's how we evaluate treatment paths.

Retatrutide heart rate FAQ

Does retatrutide increase heart rate?

Yes, on average. In the 2023 Phase 2 obesity trial, the 12 mg group’s 24-hour heart rate was 9.2 bpm above baseline at week 24, versus 0.8 on placebo. In TRIUMPH-1, clinic pulse at week 80 changed by +1.5, +2.7 and +2.6 bpm at 4, 9 and 12 mg, versus −0.3 with placebo. In TRANSCEND-T2D-1, the 12 mg week-40 change was +0.9 bpm, versus −1.1 with placebo.

Why does retatrutide increase heart rate?

The Phase 2 researchers pointed to glucagon and GLP-1, which can both make the heart beat faster and harder. Retatrutide acts on both, plus GIP. The trials reviewed here do not separate how much each part contributes in people.

Will my heart rate go back to normal?

In the Phase 2 obesity trial and TRIUMPH-1, average pulse rose early and then fell while treatment continued. At 12 mg in Phase 2, clinic pulse was still about 6 bpm above baseline at week 48. Those reports do not establish how many days your heart rate should take to settle after stopping, so ask your clinician about your own situation.

Does retatrutide raise heart rate more than semaglutide or tirzepatide?

The figures on this page cannot establish that comparison. Retatrutide’s Phase 2 peak and the Wegovy and Zepbound label averages use different measurements and time points; Wegovy’s figure is also adjusted against placebo. TRIUMPH-5 is directly comparing retatrutide and tirzepatide, but a trial listing is not a result.

What dose of retatrutide doesn't raise heart rate?

No dose in these results guarantees that your heart rate will not rise. Lower doses generally had smaller average changes, but even the 1 mg group in Phase 2 rose by week 36. And a group average can't predict what one person will feel.

Can retatrutide cause palpitations or an irregular heartbeat?

In the Phase 2 obesity trial, rhythm-related events were reported in 6.4% of people on retatrutide versus 2.9% on placebo, mostly mild or moderate. Three people on retatrutide reported palpitations. A new fluttering, skipping or racing heartbeat needs a clinician; an ECG or longer monitoring can help identify the cause.

Is a resting heart rate under 100 safe on retatrutide?

Not automatically. The American Heart Association says 60 to 100 bpm is normal for adults, but a big jump from your own usual rate still matters. Tell your clinician about any lasting change, especially with symptoms.

My heart pounds at night and I can't sleep. Is that the retatrutide?

It might be, but it might not — and a web page can't tell. Note when it happens, how long it lasts, and whether it's at rest, and share that with a clinician. If it comes with chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting, call 911.

Should I lower my dose or take a beta blocker?

That's a decision for a clinician who can examine you. The trial reports reviewed here do not establish a self-treatment plan for adding a beta blocker to manage a racing heart. If you're in a trial, contact your study team for instructions.

Can a clinic legally compound retatrutide?

No. The FDA says retatrutide cannot be used in compounding under federal law. Lilly's expanded-access program is a separate process a doctor requests for one patient — it isn't permission for clinics to sell it.

Does retatrutide raise the risk of heart attack or stroke?

Not settled. Lilly’s TRIUMPH-3 estimates were too uncertain to establish a clear benefit or harm for its major-event measures. TRIUMPH-Outcomes aims to enroll about 10,000 people and currently has a planned end date in February 2029. That is a research schedule, not a promised result date.

For future treatment research after any current heart symptoms have been assessed:

Still not sure which GLP-1 path fits you? Take The RX Index's free Find My GLP-1 Path quiz — about 2 minutes, no signup.

Sources

Sources checked October 15, 2026, to the extent described above. TRIUMPH-2 is listed for publication context only; its detailed pulse results are not included.

• Jastreboff AM, et al. Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. NEJM, 2023, and supplementary appendix.
• Rosenstock J, et al. Retatrutide for people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 2023.
• Bajaj HS, et al. TRANSCEND-T2D-100967-0). The Lancet, published online June 6, 2026.
• Jastreboff AM, et al. TRIUMPH-1. NEJM, published September 29, 2026. Accessible paper and author appendix, including Table S12 (appendix p84) and Figure S22 (p64).
• Bellido V, et al. TRIUMPH-201861-1/fulltext). The Lancet, published online September 29, 2026.
• Eli Lilly. TRIUMPH-2 and TRIUMPH-3 results, July 23, 2026.
• Eli Lilly. TRIUMPH-4 results, December 11, 2025.
• Eli Lilly. TRIUMPH-Outcomes trial (NCT06383390).
• Lilly Medical. Expanded access program for retatrutide, last reviewed August 26, 2026.
• FDA. Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss, source checked October 15, 2026.
• Prescribing information: Zepbound, Mounjaro, Wegovy, Ozempic, Foundayo. Foundayo’s April 1, 2026 approval date was checked in the FDA approval package.
• American Heart Association. All About Heart Rate (reviewed May 13, 2024) and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Arrhythmia (reviewed October 10, 2024).
• NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Long QT Syndrome (updated March 24, 2022).
• FDA. MedWatch adverse-event reporting.
• Ro. Weight loss pricing and GLP-1 Insurance Coverage Checker.
• American Heart Association. Common Tests for Arrhythmia (reviewed October 10, 2024).
• National Capital Poison Center. Poison Control; HRSA. Poison Help.
• Ji L, et al. Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight. NEJM, published May 25, 2025; pulse discussion on pp9–10.
• Eli Lilly. TRIUMPH-5 trial (NCT06662383).
• Johns Hopkins Medicine. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), definition checked October 15, 2026.
• Harvard Heart Letter. What is heart rate variability?, February 1, 2021; definition checked October 15, 2026.